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20.Telescope (a little bit of history)

  In 1608 Hans Lippershey, an eyeglass maker, submitted the first patent of telescope. But who made the first telescope, it is not clear. Later on, Galileo improved the design and started applying in Astronomy. This telescope had convex objective lens and concave eyepiece lens. In 1611 Kepler developed the design using convex lens in both objective and eyepiece and this design was more useful than the previous one developed by Galileo. Diagram of Galilean and Keplerian Telescope In 1655 Huygen was making powerful and enhanced Keplarian telescopes using compound eyepiece but those telescopes were proved inaccurate. In 1688 Isaac Newton built the first reflector telescope which consisted of a tiny flat diagonal mirror to reflect the incoming light on an eyepiece. Using achromatic lens, in 1733, Chester Moore Hall built a telescope. First Reflector Telescope built by Newton Diagram of Achromatic Lens When light of white color passes through a medium it splits into several colors. For exam
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1902 Nobel Prize in Physics

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When we look at the galaxies and nebulae, we can see various kinds of colours, which look like some artwork of an artist. Have you ever wondered about how scientists can tell with what kind of materials the stars and the nebulae are made of by only just looking at the sky with some fancy telescopes? Atomic spectrum makes it possible. Every element in the periodic table has its own atomic spectrum. So, when we have a spectrum of a star or nebula, by looking and matching the spectrum we can identify the elements with which our observing object is made of.

If we apply a strong magnetic field to the radiation or atomic spectrum, the spectrum will split into components. This effect of splitting the spectrum into components through the application of a magnetic field is called Zeeman Effect. Dutch physicist Pieter Zeeman first observed this effect.

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There are applications of the Zeeman Effect, such as, measuring the magnetic field strength of the sun and other stars.

For experimentally discovering the effect of magnetic field on the atomic spectrum by Pieter Zeeman and for developing the theory on the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena by Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, the 1902 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded jointly to Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman.

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